PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
• Philippine Literature in English reveals the spirit of the Filipino.
• Gradually this literature has learned to express the deepest of human experiences in words that create memorable images.

SOME CONCURRENTSIGNIFICANT HISTORICALAND LITERARY EVENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

HISTORICAL
• 1898- American forces occupy Manila
• 1900- On January 29th, Taal Volcano erupts, killing 1,300 people and destroying 13 villages.
• 1901. Civil government is inaugurated with Judge William H. Taft as governor.
• 1907: Establishment of the first Philippine Assembly. Sergio Osmeña serves as the speaker from 1907-1922
• 1908- University of the Philippines was founded.
• 1909- Manuel L Quezon is appointed as Filipino Resident Commissioner to the United States.
• 1913-1931- Governor General Francis Burton Harrison initiates policy of Filipinizing the government.

LITERARY
• 1900- English becomes the official medium of instruction of all public schools.
• 1901- The Philippine Normal School was founded. Its purpose was to train Filipinos in the Art of Teaching so that they could eventually take charge of elementary education.
• 1905- The Philippine Free Press was founded
7. • 1910- The College Folio is published at the University of the Philippines.- This magazine printed the works of the first promising writers in English. These early selections were mostly ghost stories or folk tales explaining natural phenomena.
• 1920- The Philippine Herald began publication. It was founded by Manuel L. Quezon and its magazine section was edited by Paz Marquez Benitez.
• 1921- First Filipino novel in English, A Child of Sorrow, is written by Zoilo M. Galang.
 • First volume of essays in English, Life and Success, is published by Zoilo M. Galang.
• 1924- Philippine Education Magazine is started. It is later renamed Philippine Magazine.
• 1925- The Philippine Free Press offers a literary prizes.• 1927- The writers club was founded at the University of the Philippines.

Chapter 5The American Regime (1898-1941)
Historical Background
The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for more than 300years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first President of the Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.The Fil.-American was resulted in the defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903.The peace movements started as early as 1900. Many Filipinos started writing again and thenationalism of the people remained undaunted.

Filipino writers went into all forms ofliterature like news, reporting, poetry,stories, plays, essays, and novels. Theirwritings clearly depicted their love ofcountry and their longings for independence.

The active arousal in the field of literaturestarted to be felt in the followingnewspapers.

1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day).Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900. TheAmerican censors twice banned this andthreatened Osmeña with banishment becauseof his nationalistic writings.
2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the Nation). Established by Pascual Poblete in1900.
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth). Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901.

There were also plays written then but after the first and second presentations, the Americans put a stop to this because of the consistenttheme of nationalism. Included here were the following:

1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday,Today and Tomorrow).
 Written by Aurelio Tolentino depicting the suppression done by the Americans and their plan to colonize the Philippines.

2. TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad.

3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio.
4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes.

A. Characteristics of Literature during This Period
Three groups of writers contributed to Philippine Literature during this period.

During the first year of the American period, the languages used inwriting were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the differentregions, but Spanish and Tagalog predominated.In 1910, a new group started to write in English.Hence, Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars and finally, English, werethe mediums used in literature during these times. While the threegroups were one in their ideas and spirit, they differed in theirmethods of reporting. The writers in Spanish were wont to write onnationalism like honoring Rizal and other heroes.
15. The writers in Tagalog continued in theirlamentations on the conditions of thecountry and their attempts to arouse love forone’s native tongue. The writers in Englishimitated the themes and methods of theAmericans.A. Literature in SpanishThe inspiration of our Filipino writers inSpanish was Rizal not only because of hisbeing a national leader but also because ofhis novels NOLI and FILI. These two novelscontained the best qualities of a novel everwritten, in English or in Filipino. Those whowere inspired to write in praise of him wereCecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero,Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe and Claro M.Recto.
16. CECILIO APOSTOLCecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to Rizal,Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes but his poemdedicated to Rizal is considered the best poem inpraise of the hero of Bagumbayan. FERNANDO MA. GUERREROIt is believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero sharedwith Apostol the reign in the balagtasan inSpanish during their time.
17. He also dedicated a poem to Rizal but hecollected the best of his poems in a book calledCRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind of black, woolycaterpillar. JESUS BALMORIJesus Balmori is well-known for his pen nameof Batikuling. He and Manuel Bernabeparticipated in a debate on the topic –(Remembrance and Forgetfulness). He waselected Poet Laureate in Spanish bestingManuel Bernabe. MANUEL BERNABEManuel Bernabe is a lyric poet and thefierceness of his nationalistic spirit wasunchanged in any topic he wrote about.
18. In his debate with Balmori, he was moreattractive to the public because of themodious words he used. He defendedOLVIDO (Forgetfulness). CLARO M. RECTOIn nobility of speech and theme, Claro M.Recto can compare with the other writers ofSpanish. He collected his poems in a bookentitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under TheCoconut Trees).Other Writers in Spanish1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman poetin the Philippines who was good in Spanish.She obtained the Zobel prize in her song ElNido. (The Nest).
19. 2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his fourbooks entitled Aromas de Ensueño (Scents ofDreams).3. Macario Adriatico wrote of a legend ofMindoro entitle La Punta de Salto (The Placeof Origin).4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as DonPAnyong). He was a good leader and biographerduring the whole period of Spanish literature.5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo delProteccionismo.B. Filipino LiteratureFLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtasand URBANA AT FELISA of Modesto de Castrobecame the inspiration of the Tagalog writers.Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kindsof Tagalog poets: They were:
20. 1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). Theseincluded Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado,Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario,Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, NemecioCarabana, and Mar Antonio.2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by LopeK Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, FlorentinoCollantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan,and Amado V. Hernandez.3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan).Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano,Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.
21. In the realm of short stories that started toappear in the column PangsandaliangLibangan (Short-time Leisure) and Dagli(Fast) we find here the names of Lope K.Santos, Patricio Mariano, and RosauroAlmario. In the Liwayway Publications, wefind Deogracias Rosario, Teodoro Gener, andCirio H. Panganiban.Noted novelists or biographers wereValeriano Hernandez Peña, Lope K. Santos,Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Faustino Aguilar, etc.Here are the autobiographies of some of thewriters mentioned:
22. LOPE K. SANTOSLope K. Santos, a novelist, poet and author,and grammarian covered three periods ofTagalog literature – American, Japanese and thecontemporary period. If Manuel L. Quezon iscalled the Father of the National Language,Lope K. Santos is called the Father of theNational Language Grammar. He was alsocalled the “Apo” of the Tagalog writers.BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpiece. JOSE CORAZON DE JESUSJose Corazon de Jesus is very popularly knownas Huseng Batute. He was also called the Poetof Love in his time. ANG ISANG PUNONGKAHOY (A TREE), an elegy, is believed to be hismasterpiece.
23. AMADO V. HERNANDEZAmado V. Hernandez was dubbed Makata ngmga Manggagawa (Poet of the Laborers) inour literature because he pictures in hispoem the intense love for the poor worker orlaborer. To him, a poem is a scent,bittersweet memories, and a murmur offlowing water. The pen is powerful andaccording to him, even a king can be bent bythe pen.
24. He contributed a lot of writings to literaturelike ISANG DIPANG LANGIT (A Stretch ofHeaven), BAYANG MALAYA (A Free Nation),ANG PANDAY (The Blakcsmith), and MUNTINGLUPA (A Small Plot), but his masterpiece is ANGPANDAY. VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑATogether with Lope K. Santos he reached thesummit of his novel-writing. He was known asTandang Anong and his pen name was KuntilButil (Small Grain). He considers NENA ATNENENG his masterpiece.
25. IÑIGO ED. REGALADOIñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a popularwriter during the Spanish time known asOdalger. He proved that he not only followedthe footsteps of his father but also reachedthe peak of his success by the “sumpong”(whim) of his pen. He also became a popularstory-teller, novelist and newspaperman. The Tagalog DramaDuring the advent of the American period,Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilaganstarted the movement against the moro-moro ( a play on the Spanish strugglesagainst the Muslims) and struggled to showthe people the values one can get from thezarzuela and the simple plays.
26. The people one should not forget in the field ofwriting are the following:1. Severino Reyes. Father of the Tagalogdrama and author of the immortal WALANGSUGAT.2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramatist in whomthe Kapampangans take pride. Included in hiswritings were LUHANG TAGALOG, hismasterpiece, and KAHAPON, NGAYONG ATBUKAS that resulted in his incarceration.3. Hermogenes Ilagan. Founded the groupCampaña Ilagan that presented many dramas inCentral Luzon.
27. 4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote the novel NINAYand ANAK NG DAGAT (Son of the Sea), hismasterpiece.5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote BUNGANGANG PATING (Shark’s Mouth). This gave himmuch honor and fame. The Tagalog Short StoryTwo collections of Tagalog stories werepublished during the American Period. Firstwas the MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (GoldenStories) published in 1936 and %) KUWENTONGGINTO ng 50 BATIKANG KUWENTISTA (50Golden Stories by 50 Noted Storytellers) in1939. The first was written by AlejandroAbadilla and Clodualdo del Mundo thatcontained the 25 best stories according tothem.
28. The second was written by Pedrito Reyes.PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lantern) andTALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of Abadillabecame popular during this period. Tagalog PoetryAlmost all Tagalog writers during theAmerican Period were able to composebeautiful poems which made it difficult toselect the best. Even if poetry writing is asold as history, poetry still surfaces with itssweetness, beauty, and melody.
29. Other Forms of LiteratureThe following are those recognized in the fieldof Ilocano Literature:1. Pedro Bukaneg. Father of IlocanoLiterature. From his name was derived theword Bukanegan, which means Balagtasan (apoetic contest) in Ilocano.2. Claro Caluya. Prince of Ilocano Poets.Known as poet and novelist.3. Leon Pichay. Known as the bestBukanegero (from Bukaneg). Also a poet,novelist, short story writer, dramatist andessayist.
30. Literature of the Kapampangans (Pampango Literature)Two stalwarts in the literature of theKapampangans stand out: they are:1. Juan Crisostomo Soto. (Father ofKapampangan Literature). The wordCRISOTAN (meaning Balagtasan) in Tagalogis taken from his name.2. Aurelio Tolentino. He truly proved hisbeing a Kaampangan in his translation ofKAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS intoKapampangan which he calledNAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS.
31. Visayan LiteratureThe following are the top men in Visayanliterature:1. Eriberto Gumban. (Father of VisayanLiterature). He wrote a zarzuela, moro-moroand a play in Visayan.2. Magdalena Jalandoni. She devoted hertalent to the novel. She wrote ANG MGATUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC.
32. C. Philippine Literature in EnglishIn a way, we can say that we can trace thebeginnings of Philippine literature in Englishwith the coming of the Americans. For thispurpose, we can divide this period into threetime frames, namely:1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-19102. The Period of Imitation: 1910-19253. The Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941
33. (1) The Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910)English as a literary vehicle came with theAmerican occupation in August 13, 1898 and asthey say, a choice bestowed on us by history.By 1900, English came to be used as a mediumof instruction in the public schools. From theAmerican forces were recruited the firstteachers of English.By 1908, the primary and intermediate gradeswere using English. It was also about this timewhen UP, the forerunner in the use of Englishin higher education, was founded.
34. Writers of this period were still adjusting tothe newfound freedom after the paralyzingeffect of repression of thought and speechunder the Spanish regime. They wereadjusting the idea of democracy, to the newphraseology of the English language and tothe standards of the English literary styleWriters had to learn direct expression asconditioned by direct thinking. They had tolearn that sentence constructions; soundsand speech in English were not the same asin the vernacular. They had to discardsentimentality and floridity of language forthe more direct and precise Englishlanguage.
35. Not much was produced during this period andwhat literature was produced was not much ofliterary worth. The first attempts in Englishwere in two periodicals of this time:(a) El Renacimiento: founded in Manila byRafael Palma in 1901.(b) Philippines Free Press: established inManila in 1905 by R. McCullough Dick and D.Theo Rogers.POETRYIn 1907, Justo Juliano’s SURSUM CORDAwhich appeared in the Renacimiento was thefirst work to be published in English.
36. In 1909, Jan F. Salazar’s MY MOTHER andhis AIR CASTLES were also published in thispaper.It was also in 1909 when Proceso Sebastianfollowed with his poem TO MY LADY INLAOAG, also in this same paper.(2) The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)By 1919, the UP College Folio published theliterary compositions of the first Filipinowriters in English. They were the pioneersin short story writing.
37. They were then groping their way intoimitating American and British models whichresulted in a stilted, artificial and unnaturalstyle, lacking vitality and spontaneity. Theirmodels included Longfellow and Hawthorne,Emerson and Thoreau, Wordsworth andTennyson, Thackeray and Macaulay,Longfellow, Allan Poe, Irving and otherAmerican writers of the Romantic School.Writers of this folio included FernandoMaramag (the best editorial writer of thisperiod) Juan F. Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez,Vicente del Fierro,
38. and Francisco M. Africa and VictorianoYamzon. They pioneered in English poetry.ESSAYSThe noted essayists of this time were: CarlosP. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro Mendez,and Vicente Hilario.Their essays were truly scholarlycharacterized by sobriety, substance andstructure. They excelled in the seriousessay, especially the editorial type.
39. The next group of writers introduced theinformal essay, criticism and the journalisticcolumn. They spiced their work with humor,wit and satire. These group included IgnacioManlapaz, Godefredo Rivera, FedericoMangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P.Lopez, Jose Lansang and Amando G. Dayrit.SHORT STORIESIn the field of short stories, DEAD STARS byPaz Marquez Benitez written in the early 1920’sstand out as a model of perfection in characterdelineation, local color, plot and message.Other short stories published during this timewere but poor imitations of their foreignmodels.
40. The UP College Folio was later replaced bythe Philippine Collegian. Newspapers andperiodicals also saw print during this timelike the Bulletin, the Philippines Herald(1920), the Philippine Review, theIndependent, Rising Philippines andCitizens, and the Philippine EducationMagazine 1924.D. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth(1925-1941)By this time, Filipino writers had acquiredthe mastery of English writing. They nowconfidently and competently wrote on a lotof subjects although the old-time favorites oflove and youth persisted. They went into allforms of writing like the novel and thedrama.
41. 1. POETRYNoteworthy names in this field include Marcelode Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia Villa, AngelaManalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido, TrinidadTarrosa Subido and Rafael Zulueta da Costa.They turned our not only love poems butpatriotic, religious, descriptive and reflectivepoems as well. They wrote in free verse, inodes and sonnets and in other types. Poetrywas original, spontaneous, competently writtenand later, incorporated social consciousness.2. THE SHORT STORY (1925-1941)Probably because of the incentives provided bypublications like the Philippine Free Press, TheGraphic, The Philippine Magazine and collegepublications like the UP Literary Apprentice,poetry and the short story flourished duringthese times.
42. Other writers during this time includeOsmundo Sta. Romana, Arturo Rotor, PazLatorena’s Sunset, and Jose Garcia Villa’s Mir-in-isa. From 1930 to 1940, the Golden Era ofFilipino writing in English saw the short storywriters “who have arrived,” like JoseLansang’s The Broken Parasol, Sinai C.Hamada’s Talanata’s Wife, Fausto Dugenio’sWanderlust, Amando G. Dayrit’s His Gift andYesterday, Amador T. Daugio’s The WomanWho Looked Out of the Window.Characteristics of the short stories duringthese times:There were still remnants of Spanish influencein the use of expressions that were florid,sentimental, exaggerated and bombastic. Theinfluence of the Western culture also wasalready evident.
43. 3. ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES(1925-1941)Essays during this period improved with theyears in quality and quantity, in content,subject and style. Essayists like Carlos P.Romulo became even more eminent editorialwriters.The notable writers of essays during thisperiod were:a. Political, social reflective essays: Throughtheir newspaper columns the followingbecame very popular: Federico Mangahas,Salvador P. Lopez, Pura S. Castrence, VicenteAlbano Pacis, Ariston Estrada and Jose A.Lansang.
44. b. Critical essays were espoused by SalvadorP. Lopez, I.V. Mallari, Ignacio Manlapaz, JoseGarcia Villa, Arturo B. Rotor, and Leopoldo Y.Yabes. An example of this is Maximo V.Soliven’s THEY CALLED IT BROTHERHOOD.c. Personal or Familiar essays were writtenby F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko), Alfredo E.Litiatco, Solomon V. Arnaldo, Amando G.Dayrit and Consuelo Gar (Catuca).
45. Some of the notable works during this timewere:1940:Salvador P. Lopez’ LITERATURE ANDSOCIETY which is a collection of criticalreflections and serious essays and which wonfirst prize in the Commonwealth LiteraryContest of 1940.1940:Camilo Osias published THE FILIPINOWAY OF LIFE, a series of essays on the Filipinoway of life as drawn from history, folkways,philosophy and psychology of the Philippines.
46. 1941: F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko) wasreprints of the best of Icasiano’s essays inthe Sunday Times Magazine under thecolumn From My Nipa Hut. It is an essay ofthe common “tao” and is written with humorand sympathy.August 16, 1941: Carlos P. Romulo had aneditorial printed in the Philippines Herald.Entitled I AM A FILIPINO, it was reprinted inhis book MY BORTHER AMERICANS in 1945in New York by Doubleday & Co.OTHER ESSAYISTS INCLUDE:Ignacio Manlapaz, Vicente Albano Pacis, I.V.Mallari, Jose M. Fernandez, Leopoldo Y.Yabes, Isidro L. Ritizos, Pura Santillan.
47. The Philippine Writer’s League put out acollection of essays called Literature Under theCommonwealth.Amando G. Dayrit with his column GoodMorning Judge led others like Leon Ma.Guerrero, Salvador P. Lopez, Vicente AlbanoPacis, Jose A. Lansang and Federico Mangahas.4. BIOGRAPHY 1925-1941In 1935, I.P. Caballero and Marcelo de GraciaConcepcion wrote about QUEZON.In 1938, THE GREAT MALAYAN won a prize inthe national contest sponsored by theCommonwealth of the Philippines. This waswritten by Carlos Quirino, the most famousbiographer of the period. He also wroteQuezon, the Man of Destiny.
48. In 1940, I.V. Mallari’s The Birth of Discontentrevealed the sensitive touch of a writer who insimple language was able to reveal his profoundthoughts and feelings.5. HISTORYNot much about history has been written byFilipino writers. In 1937, with regard toliterary history, we can cite Teofilo delCastillo’s The Brief History of the PhilippineIslands.6. PUBLICATIONSThe Philippine Free Press provided the firstincentives to Filipino writers in English byoffering prizes to worthwhile contributions.Other publications followed suit.
49. 7. THE DRAMA (1925-1941)Drama during this period did not reach theheights attained by the novel or the shortstory. The UP provided the incentives whenthey introduced playwriting as a course andestablished the UP Little Theater.
50. Exercises1 The Philippine flag was hoisted on _______ as a symbol of our independence.2. The peace movement started as early as _______.3. Written by Aurelio Tolentino depicting the suppression done by the Americans and their plan to colonize in the Philippines.4. Why Rizal became the inspiration of the Filipino writers.5. A book of Fernando Ma. Guerrero which means kind of black, wooly caterpillar
51. 6. The first woman poet in the Philippines who was good in Spanish7. The Father of the National Language Grammar.8. According to ________ even a king can be sent by the pen.9. A son of a popular writer during the Spanish time known as Odalager10. The Father of Kapampangan Literature
52. 11. His name derived from the word Bukanegan12. In what year did English become a medium of instructions in the public schools.13. The first to break away from the conventional forms and themes of Philippine poetry placed the Philippines on the Literary map with the publication of his books in the U.S.14-15 Their essays were truly scholarly characterized by sobriety, substance and structure
53. Chapter 6The Japanese Period (1941- 1945)
54. Historical BackgroundBetween 1941-1945, Philippine Literature wasinterrupted in its development when thePhilippines was again conquered by anotherforeign country, Japan. Philippine literature inEnglish came to a halt. Except for theTRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almostall newspapers in English were stopped by theJapanese.This had an advantageous effect on FilipinoLiterature, which experienced renewedattention because writers in English turned towriting in Filipino. Juan Laya, who use to writein English turned to Filipino because of thestrict prohibitions of the Japanese regardingany writing in English.
55. The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed understrict surveillance until it was managed byJapanese named Ishiwara.In other words, Filipino literature was givena break during this period. Many wrote plays,poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themeswere often about life in the provinces.A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIODThe common theme of most poems duringthe Japanese occupation was nationalism,country, love, and life in the barrios, faith,religion and the arts.
56. Three types of poems emerged during thisperiod. They were:1. Haiku – a poem of free verse that theJapanese like. It was made up of 17 syllablesdivided into three lines. The first line had 5syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the third,five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, isshort and covers a wide scope in meaning.2. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short but it hadmeasure and rhyme. Each line had 17 syllablesand it’s also allegorical in meaning.3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) – like thosementioned earlier in the beginning chapters ofthis book.
57. B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESEPERIODThe drama experienced a lull during theJapanese period because movie houses showingAmerican films were closed. The big moviehouses were just made to show stage shows.Many of the plays were reproductions ofEnglish plays to Tagalog. The translators wereFrancisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, andNarciso Pimentel. They also founded theorganization of Filipino players namedDramatic Philippines. A few of playwriterswere:1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote PANDAY PIRA2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo – wrote sa PULA, SAPUTI
58. 3. Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote BULAGA (anexpression in the game Hide and Seek).4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote SINO BAKAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NGPATAY.C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURINGTHE JAPANESE PERIODThe field of the short story widened duringthe Japanese Occupation. Many wrote shortstories. Among them were: BrigidoBatungbakal, Macario Pineda, SerafinGuinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos,NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, LigayaPerez, and Gloria Guzman.
59. The best writings in 1945 were selected by agroup of judges composed of FranciscoIcasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, AntonioRosales, Clodualdo del Mundo and TeodoroSantos. As a result of this selection, thefollowing got the first three prizes:First Prize: Narciso Reyes with hisLUPANG TINUBUANSecond Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s UHAW ANGTIGANG NA LUPAThird Prize: NVM Gonzales’ LUNSODNAYON AT DAGAT-DAGATAN
60. D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH(1941-1945)Because of the strict prohibitions imposed bthe Japanese in the writing and publishing ofworks in English, Philippine literature inEnglish experienced a dark period. The fewwho dared to write did so for their bread andbutter or for propaganda.Writings that came out during this period werejournalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressedbut slowly, the spirit of nationalism started toseep into their consciousness. While somecontinued to write, the majority waited for abetter climate to publish their works.
61. Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P.Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for hisbestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THEPHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE andhis MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHERAMERICANS.Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma.Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and Carlos Bulosan.Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHOLOOKED LIKE LAZARUS. Fred Ruiz Castrowrote a few poems.F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The PhilippineReview.
62. Carlos Bulosan’s works included THELAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (1944), THEVOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX FILIPINOPOETS, 1942, among others. AlfredoLitiatco published With Harp and Sling andin 1943, Jose P. Laurel published Forces thatMake a Nation Great.The Commonwealth Literary Awards gaveprizes to meritorious writers. Those whowon were:1. LIKE THE MOLAVE – by Rafael Zuluetada Costa (Poetry)2. HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGTHHOME A WIFE – by Manuel E. Arguilla (ShortStory)
63. 3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY – by Salvador P.Lopez (Essay)4. HIS NATIVE SOIL – by Juan Laya (Novel)President Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiographyTHE GOOD FIGHT was published posthumously.Radio broadcasts echoed the mingled fear anddoubts in the hearts of the people.Other writers of this period were Juan Collas(19440, Tomas Confesor (1945), Roman A. de laCruz and Elisa Tabuñar.
64. Exercises1-2. Almost all newspapers in English were topped by the Japanese except for this two3. It is made up of 17 syllables divided into 3 lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables and the third , 5.4. Like Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme5. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINE RISE and HIS MOTHER AMERICA and MY BROTHER AMERICANS.
65. 6. The title of President Manuel L. Quezon’s autobiography7-10. Common themes of most poems during the Spanish Occupation.

Original copy...

TALAMBUHAY NI DR. JOSE RIZAL

         Isinilang sa Calamba, Laguna noong ika-19 ng Hunyo, 1861. Tinaguriang pinakadakilang anak ng lahing kayumanggi. Siya ay si Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal Alonzo Realonda Y Quintos. Ang kanyang mga magulang ay sina Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado Alejandro at Teodora Alonzo Realonda Quintos. 

          Ricial, dito nagmula ang pangalang Rizal na nangangahuluganag "mula sa bigas o palay" ng luntiang kabukiran. Ito ay alinsunod sa kapasyahan ng Kapitan Heneral Claveria noong ika-27 ng Nobyembre,1849. Si Rizal ay bininyagan noong ika-20 ng Hunyo, 1861 sa Calamba, Laguna. Ang nagbinyag sa kanya ay si Padre Rufino Collantes at si Padre Pedro Casañas ang kanyang naging ninong.
          Noong 1864, siya'y tatlong taong gulang, tinuruan siya ng kanyang ina ng abakada at nang siya'y siyam na taong gulang na ay pinadala siya sa Biñan at nag-aral sa ilalim ni Justiniano Aquino Cruz. Ika-20 ng Enero, 1872 ay pumasok si Rizal sa Ateneo Municipal de Manila dito siya nagtamo ng kanyang pangunahing medalya at notang Sobrasaliente sa lahat ng aklat. Noong ika-14 ng Marso, 1877 tumanggap siya ng katibayang Bachiler en Artes at notang Sobrasaliente kalakip ang pinakamataas na karangalan. Nag-aral siya Filosopia Y Letras sa Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas noong 1878 at Agham sa pagsasaka sa Ateneo. Sa Ateneo din siya ng panggagamot. Ika-5 ng Mayo, 1882. Siya ay nagtungo sa Europa sa gulang na 21 upang magpatuloy ng pag-aaral. Sapagkat hindi siya nasisiyahan sa pagtuturo sa eskwelang pinapasukan.
          Noong 1884, nagsimula si Rizal sa pag-aaral ng Ingles. Magtatapos ang 1884 at magsisimula ang 1885 nang sinulat ni Rizal ang unang kalahati ng Noli Me Tangere sa Madrid. Ang ikaapat na bahagi sa Paris at isa pang ikaapat na bahagi ay isinulat sa Alemanya. Natapos niya ang Noli Me Tangere noong ika-21 ng Pebrero, 1887. Dalawang libong kopya ang kanyang naipagawa na nagkakahalaga ng tatlong daang piso. Si Maximo Viola ang tumulong sa kanya at nagpahiram ng tatlong daang piso.
          Ika-3 ng Pebrero, 1888. Siya ay umalis sa Maynila upang magtungo sa Europa dahil umiiwas siya sa pagkagalit ng mga Kastila sa pagkakalathala sa Maynila. Noong 1891 ipinalimbag sa Grante Belhika ang kasunod na aklat ng Noli Me Tangere na El Filibusterismo. Ika-3 ng Hunyo, 1892, itinatag ni Rizal ang La Liga Filipina. isang kapisanan na ang lihim na pakay ay ang pagbabago ng lakad ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas sa pamamagitan ng mapayapang paraan at di paghihimagsik. Bumalik siya sa Pilipinas nang ika-26 ng Hunyo, 1892. Ika-7 ng Hunyo, 1892, alinsunod sa kautusan ni Kapitan Heneral Despujol, ipinalathala sa Gazette ang mga dahilan sa pagdadakip kay Rizal. Pagkatapos ng walong araw, ika-15 ng buwan na iyon ay ipinatapon si Rizal sa Mindanao. Si Kapitan Heneral Blanco ang nagpatotoo sa mga kakayahan ni Rizal na kailanma'y di siya nakilahok sa mga pag-aalsang nangyari sa Pilipinas at dahil dito, humiling si Rizal na makapaglingkod sa mga pagamutan sa Cuba. Magtatapos ang 1896, hinuli si Rizal sa kinalulunang bapor habang naglalakbay patungong Espanya at pagdating sa Barcelona ay ibinalik sa Paris. Sa Real Fuersa De Santiago ay piniit si Rizal nang siya’y dumating sa Maynila. Dito siya hinarap sa hukumang militar at nilitis at nahatulang barilin sa Bagong Bayan. Ika-30 ng Disyembre, 1896, binaril si Rizal sa edad na 35. Bago siya lumabas sa Fort Santiago, ibinigay niya ang ilawang kinaroroonan ng kanyang huling akdang pampanitikan kay Trinidad.

Repleksyon:

Nalaman ko na si Rizal ay isang matalinong mamamayan at isa rin siyang matapang na mamamayan dahil nilabanan niya ang mga kastila pero hindi gamit ang lakas ngunit ang gamit ang talino.Siya ay nag aral sa ibat ibang lugar at dahil sa kanyang katalinuhan kanya nang minulat ang kanyang mga kababayan para mag alsa sa mga kastila kaya niya ito nagawa dahil nakita niya mang mga kastila na inaapi ang mga pilipino pero salamat dahil sa nag aral siya sa ibat ibang lugar nalaman niya na malapit nang bumagsak ang kastila kaya dito na nagsimula ang kanyang pag aalsa gamit ang kanyang pagsulat.

Original site...

NOLI ME TANGERE

BUOD NG NOLI ME TANGERE:

Si Crisostomo Ibarra ay isang binatang Pilipino na pinag-aral ng kanyang ama sa Europa. Pagkatapos ng pitong taong pamamalagi roon ay nagbalik ito sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa kanyang pagdating ay naghandog si Kapitan Tiyago ng isang salo-salo kung saan ito ay dinaluhan nina Padre Damaso, Padre Sibyla, Tinyente Guevarra, Donya Victorina at ilang matataas na tao, sa lipunan Kastila. Sa hapunang iyon ay hiniya ni Padre Damaso na siyang dating kura ng San Diego, ang binata ngunit ito'y hindi na lamang niya pinansin at magalang na nagpaalam at nagdahilang may mahalagang lalakarin.

Si Ibarra ay kasintahan ni Maria Clara. Siya kilala bilang anak-anakan ni Kapitan Tiyago, isang mayamang taga-Binundok. Ang binata ay dumalaw sa dalaga kinabukasan at sa kanilang pag-uulayaw ay di nakaligtaang gunitain ang kanilang pagmamahalan simula pa sa kanilang pagkabata. Di nakaligtaang basahing muli ni Maria Clara ang mga liham ng binata sa kanya bago pa man ito mag-aral sa Europa. Bago tumungo si Ibarra sa San Diego ay ipinagtapat sa kanya ni Tinyente Guevarra ng Guardia Sibil ang tungkol sa pagkamatay nga kanyang amang si Don Rafael, ang mayamang asendero sa bayang yaon.

Ayon sa Tinyente, si Don Rafael ay pinaratangan ni Padre Damaso, na Erehe at Pilibustero, gawa ng di nito pagsisimba at pangungumpisal. Nadagdagan pa ng isang pangyayari ang paratang na ito. Minsan ay may isang maniningil ng buwis na nakaaway ng isang batang mag-aaral, nakita ito ni Don Rafael at tinulungan ang bata, nagalit ang kubrador at sila ang nagpanlaban, sa kasamaang palad ay tumama ang ulo ng kastila sa isang bato na kanyang ikinamatay. Ibinintang ang pagkamatay na ito ng kubrador kay Don Rafael, pinag-usig siya, nagsulputan ang kanyang mga lihim na kaaway at nagharap ng iba-ibang sakdal. Siya ay nabilanggo at ng malapit nang malutas ang usapin ay nagkasakit ang matanda at namatay sa bilangguan. Di pa rin nasiyahan si Padre Damaso sa pangyayaring iyon. Inutusan niya ng tagapaglibing na hukayin ang bangkay ni Don Rafael sa kinalilibingan nitong sementeryo para sa katoliko at ibaon sa libingan ng mga Intsik at dahil umuulan noon at sa kabigatan ng bangkay ay ipinasya ng tagapaglibing na itapon na lamang ito sa lawa.
Hindi binalak ni Ibarra ang maghiganti sa ginawang kabuktutang ito ni Padre Damaso at sa halip ay ipinagpatuloy ang balak ng kanyang ama na magpatayo ng paaralan.

Sa pagdiriwang ng paglalagay ng unang bato ng paaralan ay kamuntik nang mapatay si Ibarra kung hindi siya nailigtas ni Elias. Sa paglagpak ng bato habang ito'y inihuhugos ay hindi si Ibarra ang nasawi kundi ang taong binayaran ng lihim na kaaway ng binata.

Sa pananghaliang inihandog ni Ibarra pagkatapos ng pagbabasbas ay muling pinasaringan ni Padre Damaso ang binata, hindi na lamang niya sana ito papansinin subalit nang hamakin ang alaala ng kanyang ama ay hindi na siya nakapagpigil at tinangkang saksakin ang pari, salamat na lamang at napigilan ito ni Maria Clara.

Dahil sa pangyayaring ito ay itiniwalag o ineskomonyon si Ibarra ng Arsobispo ng simbahang Katoliko Romano. Sinamantala ito ni Padre Damaso upang utusan si Kapitan Tiyago na sirain ang kasunduan sa pagpapakasal nina Ibarra at Maria Clara. Nais ng pari na ang mapangasawa ng dalaga ay si Linares na isang binatang kastila na bagong dating sa Pilipinas.
Dahil sa pagkasindak sa gumuhong bato noong araw ng pagdiriwang si Maria Clara'y nagkasakit at naglubha. Dahil sa ipinadalang gamot ni Ibarra na siya namang ipinainom ni Sinang gumaling agad ang dalaga.

Sa tulong ng Kapitan Heneral ay napawalang-bisa ang pagkakaeskomulgado ni Ibarra at ipinasya ng arsobispo na muli siyang tanggapin sa simbahang Katoliko. Ngunit, nagkataon noong sinalakay ng mga taong pinag-uusig ang kwartel ng sibil at ang napagbintangang may kagagawan ay si Ibarra kaya siya ay dinakip at ibinilanggo. Wala talagang kinalaman dito ang binata sapagkat nang kausapin siya ni Elias upang pamunuan ang mga pinag-uusig ay tahasan siyang tumanggi at sinabing kailanman ay hindi siya maaring mamuno sa mga taong kumakatawan sa bayan.

Napawalang-bisa ang bintang kay Ibarra sapagkat sa paglilitis na ginawa ay walang sino mang makapagsabi na siya'y kasabwat sa kaguluhang naganap. Subalit ang sulat niya kay Maria Clara na napasakamay ng hukuman ang siyang ginawang sangkapan upang siya'y mapahamak.
Nagkaroon ng handaan sa bahay nina Kapitan Tiyago upang ipahayag ang kasunduan sa pagpapakasal ni Maria Clara kay Linares at samantalang nagaganap ito ay nakatakas ni Ibarra sa bilangguan sa tulong ni Elias.

Bago tuluyang tumakas ay nagkaroong ng pagkakataon si Ibarrang magkausap sila ng lihim ni Maria Clara,. Anya'y ipinagkaloob na niya rito ang kalayaan at sana'y lumigaya siya at matahimik na ang kalooban. Ipinaliwanag ni Maria Clara na ang liham na kanyang iniingatan at siyang ginamit sa hukuman ay nakuha sa kanya sa pamamagitan ng pagbabanta t pananakot. Ippinalit sa mga liham na ito ang dalawang liham na isinulat ng kanyang ina bago siya ipanganak na nakuha ni Padre Salvi sa kumbento at dito nasasaad na ang tunay niyang ama ay si Padre Damaso.

Sinabi niya kay Ibarra na kaya siya pakakasal kay Linares ay upang ipagtanggol ang karangalan ng kanyang ina subalit ang pag-iibig niya saa binata ay di magbabago kailanman.
Samantala, tumakas na si Ibarra sa tulong ni Elias. Sumakay sila ng bangka, pinahiga si Ibarra at tinabunan ng damo at pagkatapos ay tinunton ang ilog Pasig hanggang makarating sa Lawa ng Bay. Ngunit naabutan sila ng mga tumutugis sa kanila. Inisip ni Elias na iligaw ang mga ito kaya naisipan niyang lumundag sa tubig kung saan inakalang si Ibarra ang tumalon kaya hinabol at pinaputukan siya ng mga sibil hanggang mahawi ang bakas ng pagkakalangoy at magkulay-dugo ang tubig.
Nakarating sa kaalaman ni Maria Clara na si Ibarra'y napatay ng mga Sibil sa kanyang pagtakas. Ang dalaga'y nalungkot at nawalan ng pag-asa kaya't hiniling niya kay Padre Damaso na siya'y ipasok sa kumbento ng Santa Clara upang magmadre. Napilitang pumayag ang pare sapagkat tiyakang sinabi ng dalaga na siya'y magpapakamatay kapag hindi pinagmadre.

Noche Buena nang makarating si Elias sa maalamat na gubat ng mga Ibarra, sugatan at nanghihina na doon niya nakatagpo si Basilio at ina nitong wala nang buhay.
Bago siya nalagutan ng hininga ay sinabing, namatay siyang hindi nakikita ang pagbubukang-liwayway ng kanyang bayan at makakikita ay huwag sanang kalilimutan ang mga nangamatay dahil sa pagtatanggol sa bayan.




Repleksyon:
             Nalaman ko na ang noli me tangere ay hango sa totoong buhay ni Rizal at ito rin ay nakatuon tungkol sa pangaapi ng mga kastila sa mga pilipino na kagaya ni Rizal na nilabanan niya ang mga kastila.Parehas din sila na naapi ang mga mahal sa buhay masaya ako dahil kaya ni Rizal na pamulatin ang mga pilipino laban sa mga kastila gamit ang nobelang Noli Me Tangere.

Original site...

IBONG ADARANA

BUOD NG IBONG ADARANA

Noong unang panahon sa sang-ayon sa kasaysayan sa Kaharian ng Berbanya . May hari ngalan ay Fernando at kabiyak nitong Reyna Valeriana. Sila ay may tatlong anak na prinsipe sina Donn Pedro, Don Diego, Don Juan. Sinanay ang mga anak na humawak ng patalim.

Isang gabi naidlip ang hari diumano si Don Juan bunso niyang anak ay pinaslang mula noon nagkasakit ang mahal na Hari . Nagpatawag ng mangagamot na ang ating lunas ay ang awit ng Ibong Adarna.
Inutusan si Don Pedro para maglakbay at hanapin ang Ibong Adarna. Sa kasamaang-palad nakatulog sa awit ng Ibong Adarna at nagging Bato matapos mahulugan ng ipot ng ibon. Sa ikalawang paglalakbay inatasan ng hari hanapin si Don Pedro at hulihin ang Ibond Adarna ngunit ganun din ang naging kapalaran ni Don Diego.

Ang bunsong anak na una ayaw payagan ng hari ay naglakbay dahil sa tagal ng pagbabalik ng mga kapatid. Hiningi ang basbas ng mahal na hari at humayo. Sa kanyang paglalakbay ay nakasaubong niya ang matandang Ermitanyo na nagturo sa kanya ng Ibong Adarna. Humingi ito ng makakainn at binigyan niya ng tinapay. Itinuro ng Ermitanyo ang kinaroroonan ng ibon at nagbilin ng mga payo sa paghuli ng ibon.

Nahuli ni Don Juan ang Ibong Adarna sa pagsunod ng ipinayo ng matandang Ermitanyo. Sa tulong rin ng Ermitanyo nagging tao muli sa pagiging bato ang kanyang mga kapatid. Nagbalik ang tatlong prinsipe ngunit ang taksil na si Don Pedro ay plinanong bugbugin si Don Juan dulot ng inggit . Sa pagbabalik sa kaharian di kasamang bumalik si Don Juan at ayaw umawit ng Ibong Adarna .

Sa pagakakabugbog kay Don Juan muli may ermitanyo na tumulong kay Don Juan. Bumalik sa kaharian ng Berbanya si Don Juan at doon ay umawit ang Ibong Adarna at nagkwento ng mga pangyayari. Nagalit ngunit nagpatawad ang hari alang-alang sa bunsong anak. Nakawala ang Ibong Adarna . Umalis si Don Juan at doon ay may natagpuang balon. Sa ilalim ng balon ay may kaharian doon nakatira si Donya Juana . Dumatin ang higante ang kinalaban ng prinsipe.

Kasama ang kapatid na babae ni Donya Juana na si Donya Leonora ang kasama pupunta sa kaharian ng Berbanya. Ikalawang pagtataksil ni Don Pedro ay inhulog si Don Juan sa Balon at umuwing kasama ang dalawang prinsesa sa kaharian. Ang lobo at si Don Juan ay nagging magkaibigan. Natagpuan ni Don Juan ang Ibong Adarna at nagpayong limutin si Donya Leonora at hanapin ang Reyno Delos Crystal at si Maria Blanka.

Sa tulong muli ng ermitanyo tinulungan makapunta sa kaharian sakay ng Agila. Doon nakita si Maria Blanka. Si Haring Salermo ay marami pagsubok sa pagiibigan ng kanyang anak tulad ng: pagpupunla ng trigo at gawing tinapay, ipunin ang itang pinakawalan at ilagay sa bote, iurong ang bundok , magpagawa ng kastilyo sa gitna ng dagat, ang paghahanap ng singsing, paamuin ang kabayo at pinakahuli ang piliin ang mapapangasawa na kanyang anak. Dahil sa masamang binabalak ng hari nagtanan ang dalawa.

Sa pagbabalik sa Berbanya umuwi si Don Juan na di kasama si Maria Blanka. Ngunit bitbit ang pangakong magbabalik at magpapakasal. Sa kanyang pagdating inihanda ang pagpapakasal ni Donya Leonora . Sa pagtatanghal ay pinalala ni Maria Blanka ang pangako ni Don Juan na magpapakasal. At dahil sa pangyayaring iyon naikasal si Donya Leonora kay Don Pedro at kay Don Juan kay Maria Blanka

MGA TAUHAN:

Haring Fernando- magiting na hari ng Berbanya
Donya Valeriana- Kabiyak ng Hari
Ermitanyo- Malaking nagging tulong kay Don Juan
Donya Leonora- nagging asawa ni Don Pedro
Donya Juana- naipakasal kay Don Diego
Maria Blanka- nangako na papakasalan ni Don Juan
Haring Salermo- Ama ni Maria Blanka
Mga anak ni Haring Fernando
Don Pedro - ang panganay. May pag-inggit kay Don Juan.Don Diego - ang pangalawa.Don Juan - ang bunso at determinadong anak.

MGA TAGPUAN:

Bundok Tabor- dito naninirahan ang Ibong Adarna

Berbanya- Kaharian ni Haring Fernando

Bundok Armenya – nanirahan si Don Juan

Mahiwagang Balon- may kaharian ng dalawng magkapatid na prinsesa

Reyno Delos Crystal- Kaharian ni Maria Blanka at Haring Salermo


Kasukdulan ng Kwento:

Maraming kasukdulan ang kwento pero para sa akin ang Paghuli sa Ibong Adarna ang siyang Sukdulan Ng kwento. Dahil ditto naranasan ni Don Juan ang mga sugat dulot ng Dayap at labaha.

Tungalian:

Ang pagtataksil ni Don Pedro ang siyang tungalian ng kwento makadalawang ulit na nagtaksil ang panganay na anak dala ng inggit sa
Bunsong anak.

Napiling Tularan sa Korido:

Si Don Juan likas ang pagiging mabait at masunuring anak sa magulang. Mapagkumbaba at madasalin sa Birhen kaya pinagpapala.
Mapagbigay sa mga nagugutom na tao. Mas iniintindi ang kapakanan ng nakararami kayasa ang sarili.

Rekomendasyon:

Maganda ang kwento Ng Ibong Adarna Kapupulutan ng aral Dapat na basahin ng mga Anak upang malaman ang mga kagandahang asal. Mapagtuunan ng pansin ang pagmamahal ng magulang, pakikipagkapwa tao at higit sa lath pag kakaroon ng takot sa Diyos.

Komento:

Maraming pagkakataon na tumulong ang ermitanyo kaya di malaman kung isa lang ba ang gumanap sa mga ito.


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